مدیریت دفاع هوایی

مدیریت دفاع هوایی

شناخت و بقا: مدل­سازی مهارت‌های شناختی خلبانان در شرایط اضطراری

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسنده
دانشیار، مدیریت آموزش‌عالی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون هوایی شهید ستاری، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
زمینه و هدف: مهارت‌ها و توانایی‌های شناختی از عوامل اساسی تعیین‌کننده عملکرد خلبانان، به‌ویژه در موقعیت‌های اضطراری و پیش‌بینی‌نشده، به شمار می‌روند. شرایط اضطراری با افزایش بار شناختی، محدودیت زمانی و ضرورت تصمیم‌گیری سریع، الگوی متفاوتی از پردازش اطلاعات و عملکرد شناختی را طلب می‌کند. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی، تبیین و آزمون مدل سلسله‌مراتبی مهارت‌های شناختی خلبانان در شرایط اضطراری انجام شد.
روش‌شناسی: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی ـ همبستگی با رویکرد مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش را خلبانان فعال و شاغل در یکی از سازمان‌های هوانوردی جمهوری اسلامی ایران تشکیل دادند. با توجه به ملاحظات امنیتی و محدودیت دسترسی به جامعه پژوهش، نمونه‌گیری به‌صورت هدفمند و با استفاده از تکنیک گلوله‌برفی انجام شد. از مجموع 90 پرسشنامه توزیع‌شده، 80 پرسشنامه قابل‌استفاده جمع‌آوری و تحلیل شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسشنامه بسته‌پاسخ محقق‌ساخته بود که روایی محتوایی آن با بهره‌گیری از ارزیابی خبرگان و پایایی آن بر اساس پایایی ترکیبی بررسی و تأیید شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری مبتنی بر حداقل مربعات جزئی و نرم‌افزار اِسمارت پی‌اِل‌اِس انجام گرفت.
یافته‌ها: مدل سلسله‌مراتبی مهارت‌های شناختی خلبانان در شرایط اضطراری از پنج مؤلفه اصلی و 32 نشانگر تشکیل شده است. این مؤلفه‌ها شامل توجه (توجه انتقالی، انتخابی، توزیع‌شده، متمرکز، پایدار و جهت‌گیری)، حافظه (حافظه کوتاه‌مدت کلامی، رویدادی و بصری ـ فضایی؛ حافظه بلندمدت بصری ـ فضایی و کلامی؛ و حافظه فعال بصری ـ فضایی و کلامی)، ادراک (پایش بصری، ادراک بصری، شنیداری و فضایی، تشخیص و تخمین)، کارکردهای اجرایی (استدلال سیال و حل مسئله، انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی، بازداری، برنامه‌ریزی، به‌روزرسانی، تصمیم‌گیری، سرعت پردازش و چرخش ذهنی) و هماهنگی روانی ـ حرکتی (سرعت واکنش شنیداری و دیداری) بود. مدل نهایی از برازش قابل‌قبولی در بخش‌های اندازه‌گیری، ساختاری و مدل کلی برخوردار بود که بیانگر کفایت مدل برای تبیین ساختار مهارت‌های شناختی خلبانان در شرایط اضطراری است.
نتیجه‌گیری: عملکرد ایمن و اثربخش خلبانان در شرایط اضطراری، علاوه بر مهارت‌های فنی، به مجموعه‌ای از مهارت‌های شناختی شامل توجه، حافظه، ادراک، کارکردهای اجرایی و هماهنگی روانی ـ حرکتی وابسته است. بر این اساس، توجه به این مهارت‌ها در فرایند گزینش، آموزش، توانمندسازی و ارزیابی دوره‌ای خلبانان می‌تواند به ارتقای آمادگی شناختی و ایمنی پرواز در شرایط اضطراری کمک کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Cognition and Survival: Modeling Pilots' Cognitive Skills in Emergency Situations

نویسنده English

Hassan Mahjub
Associate Prof., Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Background & Purpose: Cognitive skills and abilities are fundamental determinants of pilot performance, particularly in emergency and unforeseen situations. Emergency conditions—characterized by increased cognitive load, time constraints, and the need for rapid decision-making—demand a distinct pattern of information processing and cognitive performance. Therefore, this study aimed to identify, explain, and test a hierarchical model of pilots' cognitive skills in emergency situations.
Methodology: This study was applied in nature and employed a descriptive-correlational design using a structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population consisted of active pilots employed by an aviation organization in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Due to security considerations and limited access to the target population, purposive sampling combined with the snowball technique was utilized. Out of 90 distributed questionnaires, 80 usable responses were collected and analyzed. Data were gathered using a researcher-developed, closed-ended questionnaire; content validity was confirmed through expert assessment, and reliability was verified using composite reliability. Data analysis was performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS software.
Findings: The hierarchical model of pilots' cognitive skills in emergency situations comprises five main components and 32 indicators. These components included attention (shifting, selective, distributed, focused, sustained, and orienting attention), memory (short-term verbal, episodic, and visuospatial memory; long-term visuospatial and verbal memory; and visuospatial and verbal working memory), perception (visual monitoring; visual, auditory, and spatial perception; recognition and estimation), executive functions (fluid reasoning and problem-solving, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, planning, updating, decision-making, processing speed, and mental rotation), and psychomotor coordination (auditory and visual reaction speed). The final model demonstrated acceptable fit across the measurement, structural, and overall model components, indicating the model's adequacy in explaining the structure of pilots' cognitive skills during emergency situations.
Conclusion: Safe and effective pilot performance during emergencies depends not only on technical skills but also on a set of cognitive skills, including attention, memory, perception, executive functions, and psychomotor coordination. Accordingly, addressing these skills during the processes of pilot selection, training, capacity building, and periodic assessment can help enhance cognitive readiness and flight safety in emergency situations.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Ognitive Skills
Cognition and Aviation
Pilot Cognition
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